Papers
2024 and in press
Torrez, B., Hollie, L., Richeson, J. A., & Kraus, M. W. (in press). The misperception of organizational racial progress toward diversity, equity, and inclusion. American Psychologist. Download
Figueroa, D., Hunger, J. M., Kraus, M. W., Muscatell, K. A., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2024). Social class stigma and poorer health behaviors: Evidence from the eating in America study. Social Science & Medicine, 347, 116765. Download
Tan, J. J. X., Tan, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (in press). Subjective socioeconomic status moderates how resting heart rate variability predicts pain response. Affective Science. Download
Torrez, B., Dupree C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2024). How race influences perceptions of objectivity in journalism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 110, 104524. Download
2022
Callaghan, B., Delgadillo, Q., & Kraus, M. W. (2022). The influence of signs of social class on compassionate responses to people in need. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 936170. Download
Park, J. W., Vani, P., Saint-Hilaire, S., Kraus, M. W. (2022). Disadvantaged group activists’ attitudes toward advantaged group allies in social movements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 98, 104226. Download
Callaghan, B., Kraus, M. W., & Dovidio, J. F. (2022). Social class predicts preference for competent politicians. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 100, 104298. Download
Kraus, M. W., Torrez, B., & Hollie, L. (2022). How narratives of racial progress create barriers to diversity, equity, and inclusion in organizations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 108-113. Download
Kraus, M. W., Hudson, S. T. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2022). Framing, context, and the misperception of racial economic inequality. Social Psychological and Personality Science 13(1), 4-13. Download
Dupree, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2022). Psychological science is not race neutral. Perspectives on Psychological Science 17(1), 270-275. Download
Torrez, B., Dupree, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2022). Examining the racialized consequences of objectivity in management scholarship. In E. King, Q. Robertson, & M. Hebl (Eds.), Research on Social Issues in Management (V. 3): The Future of Diversity & Inclusion. Download
2021
Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., Duker, A., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2021). Disrupting beliefs in racial progress: Reminders of persistent racism alter perceptions of past, but not current, racial economic equality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(5), 753-765. Download
Callaghan, B., Harouni, L., Dupree, C. H., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2021). Testing the efficacy of three informational interventions for reducing misperceptions of the Black-White wealth gap. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(38), e2108875118. Download
2020
Tan, J. J. X., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N., Adler, N. E. (2020). The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic standing and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 46(11), 970-1020. Download
Kuo, E. E., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2020). High-status exemplars and the misperception of the Asian-White wealth gap. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(3), 397-405. Download
Tan, J. J. X., Kraus, M. W., Impett, E. A., & Keltner, D. (2020). Partner commitment in close relationships mitigates social class differences in subjective well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(1), 16-25. Download
Kraus, M. W., & Torrez, B. (2020). A psychology of power that is embedded in societal structures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 33, 86-90. Download
2019
Kraus, M. W., Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2019). The misperception of racial economic inequality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 899-921. Download
Kraus, M. W., Torrez, B., Park, J. W. L., & Ghayebi, F. (2019). evidence for the reproduction of social class in brief speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (46), 22998-23003. Download
Kraus, M. W., Brown, X., & Swoboda, H. (2019). Dog whistle mascots: Stereotypic Native American mascots as normative expressions of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 84, 103810. Download
Kraus, M. W., Callaghan, B., & Ondish, P. (2019). Social class as culture. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (eds.) Handbook of Cultural Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 721-747). NY: Guilford. Download
2018
*Piff, P. K., *Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2018). Unpacking the inequality paradox: The psychological roots of inequality and social class. In J. Olson (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 57, 53-124. Download
Tan, J. J. X., & Kraus, M. W. (2018). Judgments of interpersonal warmth predict class differences in political candidate support. Social Cognition, 36, Special Issue: The Status of Status: Vistas from Social Cognition, 106-133. Download
Kraus, M. W. (2018). Beggars do not envy millionaires: Social comparison, socioeconomic status, and subjective well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (eds.), Handbook of Well-Being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. DOI: nobascholar.com. Download
Kraus, M. W. (2018). What is a meaningful improvement in emotion detection? Reply to Rossiter (2018). American Psychologist, 73, 691-692. Download
2017
Kraus, M. W., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2017). Americans misperceive racial economic equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(39), 10324-10331. Download
Kraus, M. W., Park, J. W., & Tan, J. J. X. (2017). Signs of social class: The experience of economic inequality in everyday life. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(3), 422-435. Download
Côté, S., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N., Piff, P. K., Beermann, U., & Keltner, D. (2017). Social affiliation in same-class and cross-class interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 269-285. Download
Kraus, M. W. (2017). Voice-only communication enhances empathic accuracy. American Psychologist, 72(7), 644-654. Download
Kraus, M. W., & Park, J. W. (2017). The structural dynamics of social class. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 55-60. Download
Cohen, D., Shin, F., Liu, X, Ondish, P., & Kraus, M. W. (2017). Defining social class across time and between groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 43(11), 1530-1545. Download
Becker, J. C., Kraus, M. W., & Rheinschmidt-Same, M. (2017). Cultural expressions of social class and their implications for ingroup-related beliefs and behaviors. Journal of Social Issues, 73, 158-174. Download
2016
Kraus, M. W. & Callaghan, B. (2016). Social class and pro-social behavior: The moderating role of public versus private contexts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 769-777. Download
2015
Kraus, M. W., & Tan, J. J. X. (2015). Americans overestimate social class mobility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 101-111. Download
Kraus, M. W. (2015). Americans still overestimate social class mobility: A pre-registered self-replication. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1709. Download
Tan, J. J. X., & Kraus, M. W. (2015). Lay theories of social class buffer lower-class individuals against poor self-rated health and negative affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 446-461. Download
2014
Kraus, M. W., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Sartorial symbols of social class elicit class-consistent behavioral and physiological responses: A dyadic approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2330-2340. Download
Kraus, M. W., & Callaghan, B. (2014). Noblesse oblige? Social status and economic inequality maintenance among politicians. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e85293. Download
Kraus, M. W., Oveis, C., Logli-Allison, M., Young, R., Tauer, J., & Keltner, D. (2014). Teasing, taunting, and the politics of politeness: High sociometric status is associated with expectation-consistent behavior. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104737. Download
Kraus, M. W., & Park, J. W. (2014). The undervalued self: Social class and self-evaluation. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1404. Download
Kraus, M. W. & Chen, S. (2014). Relational self-verification through self-presentation: Implications for perceptions of one’s honesty and authenticity, Self & Identity, 13, 45-57. Download
2013
Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2013). Social class rank, essentialism, and punitive judgment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 247-261. Download
Kraus, M. W., Tan, J. J. X., & Tannenbaum, M. B. (2013). The social ladder: A rank-based perspective on social class, Psychological Inquiry, 24, 81-96. Download
Kraus, M. W., Tan, J. J. X., & Tannenbaum, M. B. (2013). Locating the social ladder across cultures and identities, Psychological Inquiry, 24, 131-134. Download
Horberg, E. J., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2013). Pride displays communicate self-interest and support for meritocracy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 24-37. Download
Kraus, M. W., & Chen, T. D. (2013). A winning smile? Smile intensity, physical dominance, and fighter performance, Emotion, 13, 270-290. Download
Kraus, M. W., Adler, N., & Chen, T. D. (2013). Is the association of subjective SES and self-rated health confounded by negative mood? An experimental approach, Health Psychology, 32, 138-145. Download
2012
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K, Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor, Psychological Review, 119, 546-572. Download
*Kraus, M. W. & *Stephens, N. M. (2012). A road map for an emerging psychology of social class, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 642-656. Download
Anderson, C., Kraus, M. W., Galinksy, A. D., & Keltner, D. (2012). The local ladder effect: Sociometric status and subjective well-being, Psychological Science, 23, 764-771. Download
Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Martinez, A. G., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class, chaos, and the construction of community, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 949-962. Download
Stellar, J., Manzo, V., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering, Emotion, 12, 449-459. Download
Kraus, M. W., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Piff, P. K. (2012). The intersection of rank and resources: Signaling social class in face-to-face encounters. In S. T. Fiske & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Facing Social Class (pp. 152-172). New York: Russell Sage. Download
2011
Kraus, M. W., Horberg, E. J., Goetz, J. L., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1376-1388. Download
*Kraus, M. W., *Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class as culture: The convergence of resources and rank in the social realm, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 246-250. Download
Côté, S., Kraus, M. W., Cheng, B., Oveis, C., van der Lowe, I., Lian, H., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social power facilitates the effect of prosocial orientation on empathic accuracy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 217-232. Download
Kraus, M. W., Chen, S, & Keltner, D. (2011). The power to be me: Power elevates self-concept consistency and authenticity, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 974-980. Download
Chen, S., Boucher, H., & Kraus, M. W. (2011). The relational self: Emerging theory and evidence. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (pp. 149-175). New York: Springer. Download
2010 and earlier
Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy, Psychological Science, 21, 1716-1723. Download
Kraus, M. W., Huang, C., & Keltner, D. (2010). Tactile communication, cooperation, and performance: An ethological study of the NBA, Emotion, 10, 745-749. Download
*Piff, P. K., *Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 771-784. Download
Kraus, M. W., Chen, S., Lee, V. A., & Straus, L. D. (2010). Transference occurs across group boundaries, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 1067-1073. Download
Kraus, M. W. & Chen, S. (2010). Facial feature resemblance elicits the transference effect, Psychological Science, 21, 518-522. Download
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D., Galinsky, A. D., & Kraus, M. W. (2010). Paradoxes of power: Dynamics of the acquisition, experience, and social regulation of social power. In A. Guinote & T. K. Vescio (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Power (pp. 177-208). New York: Guilford Press. Download
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 992-1004. Download
Kraus, M. W. & Chen, S. (2009). Striving to be known by significant others: Automatic activation of self-verification goals in relationship contexts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 58-73. Download
Kraus, M. W. & Keltner, D. (2009). Signs of socioeconomic status: A thin-slicing approach, Psychological Science, 20, 99-106. Download
Keltner, D., Van Kleef, G. A., Chen, S., & Kraus, M. W. (2008). A reciprocal influence model of social power: Emerging principles and lines of inquiry. In M. A. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 151-192. Download